Sunday, March 13, 2011

Chapter 9: The Changing South

Racism and slavery are two of the main ideas in chapter 9. While trying to find articles and sources that speak about racism and slavery in Washington State, I found an blog by Peter Webster from Oregon that dicusses this issue dated in 2006. The blog is entitled "Disturbing the Comfortable: Racism Remains in Washington State."

Peter talks about being involved with the "situation of American Indians in northwest Washington." He talks about the Indians being given a fair share of the salmon catch, which angered white people who live around them. Makah Indians were also given a treaty right to harvest gray whales, which also angered the whites. One anti-Indian sign reads: "Save a whale: spear a Makah."

He also talks about the time when the citizens of Port Angeles discovered a great location to build a graving dock that had the possibility of offering some jobs to the local population. There was one problem: it was a village site for Indians. This then resulted in more name-calling and violence against those Indians.

Another source I found features an interview with Arline and Letcher Yarbrough, a black couple who lived through the racism present during World War II. I will include excerpts of the interview that struck me the most:

Arline Yarbrough:  "Before the war, it seems to me that most of the smaller restaurants in Seattle -- the soda fountains in drugstores and places like that -- did not practice any discrimination.  Because of that, an experience I had during the war was very bitter.  I was looking for a job, and I had to wait a while for the time of my appointment.  I stopped in a little -- oh, I think it probably would be called a sandwich shop.  They served sandwiches and soft drinks and that sort of thing.  It was a very warm day, and I stopped in there for something cool to drink.  I sat at the counter and waited, and eventually was told, We don’t serve you here. I said, What do you mean, you don't serve me? A man came forward and said, 'we don't serve Negroes.' It came quite as a shock to me because I had not experienced that in Seattle. We knew some of the bigger places were [sic] you were not going to be welcome in the first place, and we avoided them. But to stop in a little place like that -- well, that had never happened to me here."

Question:  Would you say that Seattle became more racist during World War II? 

Arline Yarbrough: Yes, and I think that these people who came up during the influx from the South brought their patterns with them. 

Letcher Yarbrough:  Both white and black. 

Arline Yarbrough: They had set up their little restaurant, and they were discriminating. 

Letcher Yarbrough: But by and large, the black community was very home-oriented.  We invited neighbors and acquaintances into our own homes for dinner, rather than to go restaurants.  And the same way with our parties.  None of the dance halls would allow Negroes in the downtown dance halls, so we just didn’t go to them.

Letcher also talked about their belief of why Seattle became more racist during WWII: "...As my wife said, yes, discrimination did get worse during World War II because at that time both the blacks and the whites were coming from the South and other parts of the country where discrimination was practiced very blatantly.  Blacks "knew their place," so to speak, and the whites enforced it ..."

Letcher had a specific experience with discrimination when he joined the army: "One evening, two or three of us wanted to go over to the base theater at Fort Lewis, and we went in.  I sat down, along with another fellow that was with me, and pretty soon the usher came down with his little flashlight like most ushers carry in a theater. He said, I’m sorry, you can’t sit here. I said, Why?  Is this reserved? He said, No, but it says blacks have to sit at the back of the theater.  Well, he actually said, Negroes have to sit at the back of the theater -- we were Negroes in those days.  He said, Negroes have to sit at the back of the theatre.  I said, This IS the U.S. Army theater, isn’t it? He said yes and I said, well I'm not moving. And he said 'well, then we'll have to call an M.P. to put you out."


Arline and Letcher Yarbrough, 1985



 
Sources: 
"Racism in Seattle and Fort Lewis During World War II: An Oral History of Arline and Letcher Yarbrough." HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Ed. Lorraine McConaghy. 03 Feb. 2007. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8090>.
Webster, Peter. "Racism Remains in Washington State." Disturbing the Comfortable. 15 Mar. 2006. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. http://disturbingthecomfortable.blogspot.com/2006/03/racism-remains-in-washington-state.html.

Chapter 8: Appalachia and the Ozarks

Just like the mountanous Appalachia, Washington is known for the Cascade Mountain Range.



Mount Rainier is the tallest of all peaks, standing at 14,411 feet, and is one of the many active volcanoes in the range. The most famous peak in the range is Mount St. Helens because of its very forceful eruption on May 18, 1980. Another peak in the range is Mount Baker, which set the US record of the most snow fall in a single season at 1,140 inches of snow.

Another similarity that the state has with the Appalachia and the Ozarks is its mining activities. Coal has been mined since 1853. In 2004, coal mining in the state ranked 7th nationally and 13th for nonfuel mineral mining. This industry employed 3,976 workers in 2004 with an average annual income of $50, 854.


Boston American Mining Company buildings, Monte Cristo, Washington, 1912

Renton Coal Mine, Renton, Washington, 1911
 More than 1% of the total US nonfuel mineral production value is produced in Washington. Construction sand, gravel, portland cement and crushed stone are the state's leading nonfuel minerals. The state is ranked 2nd in production of olivine (also known as peridot) and 4th in diatomite (also known as opal).


Peridot


One of the agricultural products in the Appalachia and the Ozark is apple.Washington is known to be the leading producer of apple in the United States. According to the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, in the years 2004-2005, the state produced 58% of all apples in the US. The next leading state is New York with just 11%.



Sources:
Barnett, Tony. "The Cascade Mountain Range Washington." Snohomish County Real Estate - Homes for Sale. 03 Sept. 2007. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. <http://www.barnettassociates.net/cascade-mountain-range/>.
"Mining In Washington State." National Mining Association. 2005. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. <http://www.nma.org/pdf/states/wa2004.pdf>.
"Washington State Coal Mine Map Collection." Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. <http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ResearchScience/Topics/GeologyPublicationsLibrary/Pages/coalmaps.aspx>.
"World Apple Situation." USDA/FAS Horticultural & Tropical Products Division, Mar. 2005. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/horticulture/Apples/World%20Apple%20Situation%20MY%202004%202005.pdf>.

Thursday, March 10, 2011

Chapter 7: The Bypassed East

Just like the Bypassed East, Washington is involved in international trade. According to the Washington Public Ports Association (WPPA), the state's trade economy reached $111 billion in 2004. Nearly 740,000 jobs in the state is supprted by trade and it is anticipated that 1 out of 3 jobs in the state would be tied to trade. The ports of Seattle and Tacoma rank third in container cargo shipments behind Los Angeles/Long Beach and New York/New Jersey.

Aerospace and transportation equipment are the number one export from the state, accounting fo more than half the value of all goods sold. Agricultural and processed food products are next, followed by electronic and scientific equipment including computers.

Top 5 Washington-grown agriculture exports, 2006
                                                        Rank among states  Value (million $)
1. Fruits and preparations                      2                $832.9
2. Vegetables and preparations              2                $413.0
3. Other                                                5                 $391.1
4. Wheat and products                         4                $314.2
5. Live animals and meat                      17                  $66.1
   Overall rank                                            8                 $2,227.2

The state ranks in the top ten for agricultural exports, with more than 85 percent of wheat, 60 percent of hops, and 30 percent of apples sold abroad.

Another similarity with the Bypassed East is that Washington is a great place for whale watching. It is popular in April through September in the northwest part of the state around the San Juan Islands.



Whale watching in Washington


Sources:
Connor, Patrick. "Trade and Washington State." Washington Farm Bureau. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.wsfb.com/system/files/Trade-and-Washington-State.pdf>.
"Washington State Whale Watching." Pacific Northwest Travel Guide and Directory. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.gonorthwest.com/Washington/Activities/whales/whale_watching.htm>.
"Whale Watching in Washington - Washington Whale Watching Tours." Online Travel Guides of Travel Destinations - Las Vegas, Caribbean, Hawaii and Machu Picchu. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/washington/whale-watching>.

Chapter 5: The North American Manufacturing Core

Washington manufactures and produces different goods ranging from fruits, vegetables, lumber, coffee, steel, and even airplanes. A few of Washington's best known manufacturers are: Boeing (aircraft), Eddie Bauer (clothing), Microsoft (software), Starbucks (coffee), Weyerhauser (lumber).

Boeing Company is best known for manufacturing most of the existing commercial airplanes like the 747 jumbo jet. They are also still in the process of producing another type of commercial aircraft, the 787 Dreamliner. Main manufacturing sites are located in Everett, WA and Renton, WA.

Eddie Bauer, the founder of the clothing store named after him, was an avid outdoorsman. His vision for the company was to find functional clothing for people who loves the outdoors. His personal experience with hypothermia led to his experiments with down-filled clothing. He opened a small sporting goods store in downtown Seattle in 1920. He retired and sold his company in 1968 to a group of Seattle investors, who later on sold it to General Mills. General Mills and Spiegel Inc. expended Eddie Bauer Inc. from one store to more than 600 stores in the US, Germany, and Japan.


Eddie Bauer (1899-1986)


Eddie Bauer store, on 5th Avenue in downtown Seattle
 In 1975, two young men from Seattle named William H. Gates III and Paul Allen created the Altair 8800: a small, rectangular box that had no keyboard or screen and did not do much more than blink. This invention led to the transformation of a new technology. They built on the invention of others and created a mass market for what had once been a novelty for the few. They helped changed the living, working, and recreational habits of hundreds of millions of people around the world. Their invention later led to the success of Microsoft.


Altair 8800
 
William "Bill" H. Gates III
 Starbucks was founded by English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegel, and writer Gordon Bowker and were the ones who opened the first Starbucks store in Seattle, Washington in 1971. Their vision for the company included selling fresh coffee beans and coffee equipment to be used in the home.This concept was inspired by Alfred Peet (Peet's Coffee and Tea) who sold premium coffee beans in his store in Berkeley, CA. The company was later on bought by the now CEO of the Company, Howard Schultz. He has lead the evolution of the company from just selling beans to producing espresso drinks.


Starbucks logo evolution
 Washington is a leading lumber producer. It is abundant in Douglas fir, hemloack, ponderosa, white pine, spruce larch, and cedar trees. The Weyerhaeuser Company based in Tacoma, Washington is one of the world's largest producers of lumber, pulp, paper, packaging materials, and other wood-related products. The company owns and controls 7 million acres of forest in the United States and 31 million acres in Canada.

Frederick Weyerhaeuser



Sources:
"Boeing: Commercial Airplanes - Major Production Facilities Home." The Boeing Company. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.boeing.com/commercial/facilities/index.html>.
"Starbucks History - A Magnificent Tale of Innovation in the Coffee Industry." Gourmet Coffee Zone - The Ultimate Gourmet Coffee Experience. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://gourmet-coffee-zone.com/starbucks-history.html>.
"Starbucks Logo Evolution." Logo Design Love. 07 Jan. 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.logodesignlove.com/starbucks-logo-evolution>.
Tate, Cassandra. HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=2294>.
Warren, James R. "Weyerhaeusr Company." HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1675>.

Chapter 4: Megalopolis

In Washington, Seattle is the largest metropolitan area in the state. The Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton area ranked 13 out of 276 metropolitan areas in the United States based on population in April 2000. The population count then was 3,554,760, which was a 19.7% increase compared to their count in 1990.

"Seattle is the largest city in the four-county metropolitan area known as the Puget Sound region." The Greater Seattle are is made out of 24 cities as far as north as Shoreline, which is 10 miles north of downtown Seattle, to as far south Tacoma. which is 20 miles south of downtoan Seattle. Seattle itself is located on the western coastal plain of the Cascade Mountain Range, approximately 100 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean. Downtown Seattle is only 3 miles wide at its narrowest point, which separates the Puget Sound from Lake Washington.



Downtown Seattle
Downtown Seattle
 Lake Washington is the largest lake in the state being 18 miles long and 3 miles wide at its widest point.
 
Lake Washington
 
On a business standpoint, as of April 2005, Seattle is/was home to five Fortune 500 Companies:
1. Washington Mutual
2. Safeco Corporation
3. Nordstrom
4. Amazon.com
5. Starbucks
As of 2011, Washington Mutual was bought out and is now under Chase. The most relevant company to me would be Starbucks because I currently work there :)


Starbuck First Location Seattle WA 1 Coffee Still Brewed Fresh at Starbucks Pike Place Market Store in Seattle, WA
Starbucks at Pike Place Market in Seattle, WA - first ever Starbucks store!
  

Sources: 
"Greater Seattle Area Information." Seattle Chamber of Commerce. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.seattlechamber.com/portal/page?_pageid=33,2965&_dad=portal&_schema=portal&p_menu_id=920>.
"List of Companies Based in Seattle." WorldLingo. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/List_of_companies_based_in_Seattle>.
"The Seattle Metropolitan Area of Washington State." Northwest Travel Information including Washington State, Oregon, AndNorthern California. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.northwestplaces.com/tripsSea/Sea1001.htm>.
"US Metropolitan Area Population: 1990-2000." DEMOGRAPHIA: Demographics Development Impacts Market Research & Urban Policy. Wendell Cox Consultancy. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.demographia.com/db-usmet2000.htm>.

Monday, February 21, 2011

Chapter 3: Foundations of Human Activity

The first settlers in Washington included Native American tribes such as The Chinook, Nisqually, Quinault, and Puyallup who hunted deer, fished for salmon and clams, and lived west of the Cascades. On the east of the Cascades, tribes such as The Cayus, Colville, Spokane, and Nez Perce' settled on the plains and valleys.



OHS Document Full Image
Chinook Indians (aka Chinooks) possibly fishing for salmon and clams


 When I searched for Spokane Indians, I was surprised to see that their baseball team is actually called Spokane Indians!

But here are the original Spokane Indians....


"Skitswish and Spokane Tribal encampment for annual salmon

The state was claimed by both British explorers and the United States, but Lewis and Clark gave te U.S. a second claim to the Northwest. American and British fur trading companies came to Washington in the early 1800s and a trading post was build near Spokane.

The first permanent American settlement within the state was Fort Okanogan. Today, a Fort Okanogan State Park exists in the state.

An agreement between the U.S. and England allowed settlers from both countries into the state.

Below are events that summarize the beginnings of Washington:

1792—Robert Gray sails into Grays Harbor and the Columbian River; George Vancouver surveys the coast of Washington and Puget Sound
1805—Lewis and Clark reach Washington
1811—Fort Okanogan, the first permanent U.S. settlement in Washington
1818—Great Britain and the U.S. agree to joint settlement of Oregon Country, which includes Washington
1825—Great Britain builds Fort Vancouver on the Columbian River
1846—The boundary of Washington and Canada becomes the 49th parallel
1853—Congress creates the Washington Territory
1883—Railroads connect Washington with the East coast
1889—Washington becomes the 42nd state
1910—Washington grants women the right to vote
1962—Seattle hosts the world fair
1980—Mount St. Helens volcano erupts causing 57 deaths and billions of dollars in damages

Sources:
"Washington State History." ThingsToDo.com - Things to Do and Places to Go in Each State. Web. 21 Feb. 2011. <http://www.thingstodo.com/states/WA/history.htm>.

Thursday, February 10, 2011

Chapter 2: Geographic Patterns of the Physical Environment

Most of Washington is part of the Pacific Mountain and Valleys Physiographic Region. The rest of the state is of the Intermontaine Basins and Plateus region. This means that the state is abundant in mountains, forests, and valleys.



Mount Rainier, the highest and third most voluminous volcano in the Cascade Range. It is made up of a combination of land and ice mass that was formed before the last major glaciation. It is considered dormant right now, but still poses a threat to residents who live nearby. It is one of the more popular stratovolcanoes, which means they are very dangerous. "Stratovolcanoes have a layered or stratified appearance with alternating lava flows, airfall tephra, pyroclastic flows, volcanic mudflows (lahars), and/or debris flows." They are also known for their almost perfect cone shape.

Another volcano in the state is Mount St. Helens also known as the "Fuji of America" because it resembled the beauty of he famous volcano in Japan.


It has lost some of its height due to its eruptions. "Mount St. Helens, like most other Cascade volcanoes, is a great cone of rubble consisting of lava rock interlayered with pyroclastic and other deposits." Its most known eruption was on May 18, 1980. "For more than nine hours a vigorous plume of ash erupted, eventually reaching 12 to 15 miles (20-25 kilometers) above sea level. The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour (95 kilometers/hour), with ash reaching Idaho by noon. By early May 19, the devastating eruption was over. [It] was preceded by 2 months of intense activity that included more than 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam-blast) explosions, and the outward growth of the volcano's entire north flank by more than 80 meters."


The state is not only abundant in mountains and volcanoes, but also with much precipitation.



"The average annual temperature ranges from 10.6° C (51° F) on the Pacific coast to 4.4° C (40° F) in the northeast. The recorded temperature in the state has ranged from -44.4° C (-48° F) in 1968 to 47.8° C (118° F) in 1961. A wet marine West Coast climate predominates in western Washington; it is mild for its latitude due to the presence of the warm North Pacific Current offshore and the relatively warm maritime air masses. The region has frequent cloud cover, considerable fog, and long-lasting drizzles; summer is the sunniest season."

The lowest temperature recorded in the state is -48° F on December 30, 1968. The highest temperature recorded is 118° F on August 5, 1961.

Sources:
"CVO Menu - Stratovolcanoes and Composite Volcanoes." USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO). Web. 10 Feb. 2011. <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/StratoVolcano/framework.html>.
"How Volcanoes Work - Stratovolcanoes." SDSU - Department of Geological Sciences. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. <http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/stratovolc_page.html>.